0DTE stands for "zero days to expiration": options contracts that expire at the end of the current trading day.
If you buy a 0DTE option at 10:00 AM you have about six hours until the 4:00 PM ET close for the stock to move your way. If it does not, the option expires worthless and you lose 100% of the premium.
This time limit has two effects: the options are often very cheap, and small stock moves can create large percentage swings because of gamma.
They have become popular because they offer lottery-ticket-like payoffs for small capital. That accessibility is deceptive. Many traders lose money because they underestimate how fast time decay works and overestimate their ability to time intraday moves.